Conditional Expressions

This page covers conditional operators and functions in Rockset.

#Operators

These operators are often useful in the WHERE clause of a SELECT statement.

Any operator that optionally includes NOT will return the opposite boolean when NOT is included.

#Logical Operators

Rockset supports the basic logical operators shown below.

If any expression is null or undefined the result will be null.

#Comparison Operators

Rockset supports basic comparison operators show below.

Expressions can be of any type, but the result will be null if the two sides are of different types (except two numeric types is allowed).

#BETWEEN

x [NOT] BETWEEN a AND b

This is equivalent to the expression below (without NOT).

x >= a

AND x <= b

#CASE

CASE
    [expression]
    WHEN expr1 THEN value1
    [...]
    [ ELSE default_value ]
END

CASE is like an IF-THEN-ELSE statement. It executes a series of conditions and returns the value corresponding to the condition that evaluated to true.

It can have two behaviors:

• if expression is not given, expressions following WHEN are evaluated as boolean expressions.
• if expression is given, expressions following WHEN are checked for equality against expression.

The two queries below are equivalent and return the same results.

SELECT

    userEmail,

    CASE

        WHEN REGEXP_LIKE(userEmail, 'user1@') THEN 'User 1'

        WHEN REGEXP_LIKE(userEmail, 'user2@') THEN 'User 2'

        ELSE 'Unknown User'

    END AS username

FROM

    _events

LIMIT

    5

SELECT

    userEmail,

    CASE

        REGEXP_EXTRACT(userEmail, '(.*?)@', 1)

        WHEN 'user1' THEN 'User 1'

        WHEN 'user2' THEN 'User 2'

        ELSE 'Unknown User'

    END AS username

FROM

    _events

LIMIT

    5

+-------------------+--------------+

| userEmail         | username     |

|-------------------+--------------|

| user1@rockset.com | User 1       |

| user2@rockset.com | User 2       |

| user5@rockset.com | Unknown User |

| user1@rockset.com | User 1       |

| user2@rockset.com | User 2       |

+-------------------+--------------+

#EXISTS

[NOT] EXISTS x

The EXISTS predicate evaluates to true if the specified subquery returns at least one row. Otherwise, if the subquery returns zero rows, the predicate evaluates to false.

SELECT

    *

FROM

    customers c

WHERE

    EXISTS (

        SELECT

            1

        FROM

            payments p

        WHERE

            c.id = p.customer_id

            AND p.payment > 10000

    )

#IN

x [NOT] IN y

The IN predicate determines if the expression x is equal to any values provided by y, which can be one of:

• a subquery, producing exactly one column, enclosed in parentheses
• a list of values, enclosed in parentheses () and separated by commas (e.g. (1, 'a')). An example of each form is shown below.

Note that y cannot be an array. If y is an array, this functionality can be achieved with the ARRAY_CONTAINS function.

SELECT

    *

FROM

    users

WHERE

    users.user_name IN (

        SELECT

            qualified_users.user_name

        FROM

            qualified_users

    )

SELECT

    *

FROM

    users

WHERE

    users.user_name IN ('admin', 'root')

#IS DISTINCT FROM

x IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM y

Returns true if x is not equal to y, and false otherwise.

#IS NULL

x IS [NOT] NULL

Returns true if x is null or undefined.

#IS UNDEFINED

x IS [NOT] UNDEFINED

Returns true if x is undefined.

#LIKE

x [NOT] LIKE y

Returns true if x and y (which must be of string or bytes type) match. A match is the same as equality, except also accounting for the following wildcard characters:

• % represents zero, one, or multiple characters.
• _ represents exactly one character.

SELECT

    'abc' LIKE 'ab'

false

SELECT

    'abc' LIKE 'ab_'

true

SELECT

    'abc' LIKE 'a_'

false

SELECT

    'abc' LIKE 'a%'

true

SELECT

    'abc' LIKE 'a_c'

true

#Functions

#COALESCE

COALESCE(x, ...)

Returns the first non-null value in the argument list.

SELECT

    COALESCE(null, 10, 'xyz')

10

SELECT

    COALESCE(null, 'xyz', 10)

'xyz'

SELECT

    COALESCE('xyz', null, 10.5)

'xyz'

-- Note that `undefined` behaves the same as `null` in almost all functions, so it is

-- ignored in `COALESCE` as well:

SELECT

    COALESCE(undefined, 10, 'xyz')

10

#IF

IF(cond, x, y)

Returns x if cond is true, y otherwise.

SELECT

    IF(true, 10, 'xyz')

10

SELECT

    IF(false, 10, 'xyz')

'xyz'

SELECT

    IF('abc' LIKE 'a_c', 10, 'xyz')

10

SELECT

    IF('abc' = 'aac', 10, 'xyz')

'xyz'

SELECT

    IF('abc', 10, 'xyz')

Error: If condition must be boolean, not string.

#NULLIF

NULLIF(value1, value2)

Returns null if value1 equals value2, otherwise returns value1.

SELECT

    NULLIF('blue', 'blue')

null

SELECT

    NULLIF('red', 'blue')

'red'